Some crews experience persistent hypersensitivity reactions during flight. Interaction between adaptive and innate immunity also seems to be altered.

It appears certain aspects of adaptive immunity are dysregulated during flight, yet some aspects of innate immunity are heightened. Recent studies have established that dysregulation of the human immune system and the reactivation of latent herpesviruses persists for the duration of a 6-month orbital spaceflight.

15Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.

Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States

13Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States.

12Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, EA7300, Lorraine University, Nancy, France.

10Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia.

9Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

8University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.

7University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.

5Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.

4Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.

3Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.

2Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity”, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.

1Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States.

Krieger 11 Natalie Baecker 9 Clarence Sams 1 Douglas 13 Hernan Lorenzi 14 Judith-Irina Buchheim 2 George Makedonas 6 Geoffrey S. Zwart 8 Martina Heer 9 Sergey Ponomarev 10 Alexandra Whitmire 11 Jean P. Simpson 3,4,5 Satish Mehta 6 Gailen Marshall 7 Scott M. Crucian 1* † Alexander Choukèr 2* † Richard J.

Dead space markers bacteria